Hello! I am Jon Paulien and I’m glad you came to this page to check out my work. I am a New Testament scholar and Professor of Religion at Loma Linda University. On this website you will find a collection of my articles, commentary on Revelation, and links to my blog, videos, and other resources. Make sure you check the articles link above regularly to see the latest postings. In my hand above is an exact replica of p52, the earliest extant New Testament manuscript fragment, containing portions of John, chapter 18. Centered above my head is a replica of ancient Greek pottery. At either end above are two sets of books from, and about, my favorite spiritual author, Ellen G. White. I hope you enjoy the site.

Daily Devotional For March 8, 2026

View in the Daily Devotional Index

Remember, therefore, the things you have received and heard. Pay attention to them and repent. If you will not watch, therefore, I will come as a thief and you will not know at what hour I will come to you. Rev 3:3.

           The history of Sardis in ancient times bears some resemblance to Jesus’ description. It was once the supreme city of the region, the capital of the kingdom of Lydia, ruled by the famous king Croesus. His wealth was so great that even today people recognize the expression “rich as Croesus.” But by the time Revelation was written Sardis had slipped to secondary status behind Ephesus, Pergamum and even Laodicea. So in the first century the reputation of the city far exceeded its reality.
           The resemblance of history to text may be even closer. Ancient historians suggest that Croesus consulted the oracle at Delphi before heading into battle against Cyrus, the Persian ruler who would conquer Babylon eight years later. He asked the oracle if he should cross the Halys River to attack Cyrus or not. The oracle responded that if he crossed the Halys River he would destroy a mighty empire.
           Confident that this was a promise of victory, he assembled an army and crossed the Halys to meet Cyrus. He was overwhelmingly defeated. But he was not greatly concerned. Not only did he have the oracle’s promise (he thought), but he knew that he could retreat to his impregnable fortress (Sardis) and raise an even larger army for the following year. But Cyrus pursued rapidly and surrounded Sardis before the new army could be raised. Croesus was still unconcerned, thinking that Cyrus was vulnerable so far from his base and that his army would crush him against the cliffs in time.
           The acropolis of Sardis sat on the top of Mount Tmolus. The sides of the mountain (which I have visited) are nearly sheer, almost like having walls hundreds of feet high. On such a height it must have seemed that a child could guard the city against an army. So Croesus retired one night in confidence that things would soon turn in his favor. He woke up to find the enemy in control of the acropolis and his kingdom was history.
           What seems to have happened is that while the rock face below the city was almost perpendicular, a crevice had developed in the rock, allowing the possibility of assailants climbing up one at a time to enter the city. Such an attack would only work if the defenders were unawares, so Cyrus’ attack must have been at night. Along the lines of Jesus’ message, destruction came upon Sardis like “a thief in the night.”¹

           Lord, heighten my spiritual alertness so I can be constantly aware of the angles of attack that Satan would use against me. May Your coming find me “on guard.”

¹ William F. Ramsay, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia and Their Place in the Plan of the Apocalypse (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1906), 359-362.